Short Stories | R. K. Narayan

Hello everyone, 😊

This blog is part of a thinking activity assigned by Megha Ma'am, where I'll try to compare a short story called "An Astrologer's Day" with a short film. Additionally, I'll explore the themes of crime and punishment.

About R. K. Narayan:

R.K. Narayan, whose full name is Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayan Swami, was an acclaimed Indian writer known for his novels set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. Along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao, he is one of the pioneering figures in early Indian literature in English, helping to bring this genre to a global audience. His first novel, "Swami and Friends," was published in 1935.

Narayan was mentored by the famous writer Graham Greene, who played a crucial role in finding publishers for Narayan’s first four books. These included the semi-autobiographical trilogy "Swami and Friends," "The Bachelor of Arts," and "The English Teacher."

Narayan is also known for his works "The Financial Expert" (1951) and "The Guide," which won the Sahitya Akademi Award and was adapted into a successful Hindi film. He has often been compared to William Faulkner for creating a fictional town that reflects real life, full of humor and the vibrancy of everyday life.

An Astrologer's Day by R.K. Narayan:

"An Astrologer's Day" is a short story by R.K. Narayan, one of the notable pre-independence writers. Narayan is famous for creating the fictional town of Malgudi in Indian English literature, similar to Hardy's Wessex and William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha. One major theme in Narayan's work is the exploration of prevalent superstition in India.

This theme is also explored in this short story. It tells the story of a day in the life of an astrologer. He is a fake astrologer who turned to this profession to escape his guilt. The astrologer does this job to earn his bread and butter.

The story highlights the superstitious side of Indian society and the psychological approach of astrologers. In the end, the astrologer finds relief from his past through the unexpected revelation about Guru Nayak.

Now, let's dive into some questions that compare the short story and the short film.

Q) How faithful is the movie to the original short story?

The short film we watched captured the essence of the story, but filmmakers often make changes to make it more enjoyable and interesting. This short film had some differences from the original story, which are listed below.

The short story provides a deeper description of the astrologer and his belongings, whereas the short film lacks this detail. In the short story, the astrologer's wife is mentioned but not named, while in the film she is referred to as Usha. Similarly, the astrologer’s child is named in the film, whereas the story does not provide this detail.

So we can say that the short film is faithful to the original story, as it mentions at the beginning that it is an adaptation of Narayan's work. However, some changes have been made in the film.

Q) After watching the movie, have your perception about the short story, characters or situations changed?

Since we read the story in class and imagined it based on its language, my perception hasn't changed much. The film did make some changes, like adding extra details, but it provided a clear visual representation and helped us feel the real struggle of the characters. Despite these changes, it didn’t drastically alter my understanding of the story or its characters.

Q) Do you feel ‘aesthetic delight’ while watching the movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons?

Yes, I did feel an aesthetic delight while watching the movie. This happened towards the end, when the astrologer reveals his long-hidden secret to his wife. Initially, we are surprised by how much the astrologer knows about Guru Nayak and his past. It’s only later that we learn about their troubled history and the astrologer's past attack on Guru Nayak with a knife. This revelation creates a powerful emotional shift and adds a layer of mystery.

The story’s structure—its beginning, middle, climax, and resolution—builds up to this moment, evoking a deep emotional response. Although this kind of revelation is common in stories, Narayan’s approach effectively maintains the story's impact and provides a strong sense of aesthetic delight.

Q) Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the short story?

Yes, the movie enhanced my understanding of the short story, especially the astrologer's past. The camera work effectively used black-and-white frames to show the past and the quarrel between Guru Nayak and the astrologer. While the short story is straightforward and easy to grasp on the first read, the film adds an extra layer of depth to the literary work. Watching such adaptations is always beneficial for a richer understanding of the story.

Q) Was there any particular scene or moment in the story that you think was perfect?

Yes, I think there’s one scene that effectively connects the audience with the astrologer’s past. The most striking moment is when the astrologer’s true identity is revealed, especially when his wife mentions making sweets at home after a long time. This scene not only uncovers the astrologer’s past but also poignantly highlights the struggles of the poor who turn to such professions to survive.

Q) If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of the movie based on the short story “An Astrologer’s Day” by R. K. Narayan?

If I were directing the film, I’d give it a contemporary makeover. Picture the astrologer using the internet to run his business, deceiving people through online platforms rather than relying on traditional methods. This modern approach would reflect how technology can be used to manipulate others in today’s world.

I’d also show his wife working hard at a small business to help support the family, portraying her as an essential and active part of their lives. Instead of being just a background character, she would be depicted as someone who contributes significantly to their financial stability.

In this updated version, the astrologer's child would play a crucial role. The child discovers the truth about the astrologer’s past and confronts him about it. This revelation would lead to a powerful, emotional moment where the astrologer faces his past mistakes and experiences a profound change. This subplot would add depth to the story, highlighting themes of redemption and personal growth.

Crime and Punishment:

R.K. Narayan’s short story looks at the relationship between students and teachers. Even though it was written some time ago, it’s still very relevant today. The story features a troublesome student who doesn’t want to study and takes advantage of his parents, who have raised him in a very relaxed environment.

At the start of the story, the teacher asks the student a simple math question—sixteen multiplied by three. The student intentionally gives the wrong answer. When the teacher slaps him in frustration, the student threatens to tell his parents, using this to his advantage. He even forces the teacher to play with him, knowing the teacher fears losing him as a student if his parents find out.

At the end of the story, the boy’s parents visit the teacher while the boy plays in the garden. When they ask the teacher about the boy’s progress, the teacher makes up a story, saying the boy has finished his studies and is now free to play. Instead of telling the truth, he chooses to remain passive. The story doesn’t give clear moral lessons; instead, it leaves it up to readers to interpret the meaning themselves.

The Effect of Parenting on the Child’s Behavior:

In the story, the parents play a crucial role because their actions shape the boy's behavior. They give him excessive freedom, leading to his reckless actions. The boy seems very pampered, and whenever his parents interact with the teacher, they lecture him about child psychology. However, if they had truly understood and applied these concepts, the situation might have been different. It appears that the parents have failed to instill proper manners and morals in their child.

The Teacher's Influence and Challenges:

The teacher’s role is also significant. Although he does slap the boy for misbehaving, he regrets it afterward and is concerned about the potential fallout if the boy tells his parents. Ideally, the teacher should have informed the parents about the boy's behavior, but he refrains from doing so to avoid losing the student. Given that teachers today often face financial challenges despite their qualifications, the teacher’s hesitation is understandable. He chooses to protect himself from financial strain by not reporting the misbehavior.

Exploring the Dynamic Roles of Teacher and Student:

The relationship between teachers and students is complex and varies with age and developmental stages. Teachers play a critical role as mentors who help students transition from the safety of their homes into the wider world. This relationship is essential for student development, as teachers guide students in acquiring knowledge, creativity, critical thinking skills, and a broader perspective on life.

In R.K. Narayan's story, the teacher’s attempt to shield the student from his parents’ anger illustrates the delicate balance between guiding and disciplining. The story explores how teachers navigate this balance while trying to maintain a positive influence on their students. This theme is also reflected in films like Taare Zameen Par, Super 30, Hichki, and Black, which highlight the profound impact that effective teaching and mentoring can have on students' lives. These films depict how a good teacher can inspire and transform students, underscoring the importance of their role in shaping young minds.

Movies that Explore Student & Teacher Relationship:

Paathshaala (2010):

Paathshaala, directed by Ahmed Khan and released in 2010, offers an insightful examination of the student-teacher relationship, shedding light on the challenges and pressures experienced by both parties within the modern educational system. The film centers around Sameer (played by Shahid Kapoor), a young and idealistic teacher who joins a school with the goal of making a positive difference. However, he quickly finds himself entangled in the rigid expectations of the educational system, which prioritizes academic results over holistic student development.

One of the central themes of Paathshaala is the intense pressure placed on students to achieve high academic scores. This pressure comes from multiple sources, including the school's administration and the students' parents. The film portrays how this relentless focus on grades leads to significant stress and anxiety, overshadowing the students' genuine learning experiences.

The character of Sameer embodies the teacher’s dilemma in this environment. He is caught between adhering to the traditional methods imposed by the school and his desire to adopt a more progressive, student-centered approach. His struggle reflects the broader challenges faced by educators who wish to create supportive and nurturing learning environments but are constrained by systemic pressures.

In addition to depicting student struggles with academic pressure and parental expectations, Paathshaala also highlights the role of parents in shaping their children's educational experiences. The film shows how high parental expectations contribute to the stress students experience and how these expectations sometimes conflict with the realities of the educational system.

Ultimately, Paathshaala advocates for educational reform, suggesting that the system should focus on the overall development of students rather than solely on academic achievements. The film calls for a more balanced approach that addresses students' emotional and psychological needs alongside their academic growth. By portraying the difficulties faced by both students and teachers, Paathshaala encourages viewers to reconsider traditional educational practices and supports the need for a more empathetic and holistic approach to teaching and learning.

Taare Zameen Par (2007):

Taare Zameen Par (2007) is a celebrated Hindi film that delves into the student-teacher relationship by portraying an ideal teacher. The story follows Ishan Awasthi, a boy struggling with dyslexia and facing criticism from his father. Sent to a boarding school, Ishan’s teacher, Ram Shankar Nikumbh, discovers his learning disability and uses creative, empathetic methods to help him overcome his difficulties. The film highlights how understanding and individualized support from a teacher can profoundly impact a student’s confidence and learning journey.

Hichki (2018):

Hichki (2018) is a powerful film that highlights the dedication of a teacher in transforming students' lives. The story revolves around Naina Mathur, a teacher with a speech disorder called Tourette Syndrome, which causes involuntary verbal outbursts. Despite facing criticism and skepticism from others because of her condition, Naina remains committed to her role and passionately works to connect with her students.

Her unique challenges do not deter her; instead, they drive her to find innovative and engaging ways to teach. Through her unwavering commitment and creativity, she inspires her students and makes learning interesting for them. Naina’s dedication helps her students overcome their own obstacles, and she successfully creates a positive and motivating classroom environment. Hichki beautifully showcases how a teacher's perseverance and genuine care can profoundly impact students' attitudes towards education and their personal growth.

These examples illustrate the impact of the teacher-student relationship and highlight the positive effects that a dedicated mentor or teacher can have on a student's life.

Conclusion:

In this blog, we took a closer look at R.K. Narayan's short story "An Astrologer's Day" and how it was adapted into a film. We saw how the movie gave us new insights while keeping the story’s core elements. We highlighted the pivotal moment when the astrologer meets Guru Nayak and discussed how the film brings this scene to life. We even imagined an alternative ending with a revenge twist.


We also shifted gears to talk about the themes in "Crime and Punishment," focusing on how parents and teachers impact a child's behavior. We explored the challenges they face and looked at how movies like "Hichki," "Taare Zameen Par," and "Paathshaala" delve into these themes.

 

Thinking Activity- Poetry and Poststructuralism: An AI Powered Analysis:

Hello Everyone😊,

This blog is based on lab activity assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. This lab activity aims to deepen our understanding of Derrida, Deconstruction & Poststructuralism through a practical application using ChatGPT 3.5 or 4.0.

For further information about the task: (Click here)

1st three step analysis of the poem : Whisper of the Wild:

1st Generated poem:

Whisper of the Wild:

In morning's light, the meadow wakes with grace,

The dewdrops glisten on each blade so fine,

The birds' sweet chorus fills the airy space,

Their melodies in perfect, pure design.

Beneath the ancient oak, the shadows play,

With whispers of the wind that softly sings,

The brook's soft murmur winds its gentle way,

A symphony of life that nature brings.

The sky ablaze with hues at dusk's embrace,

As twilight paints the heavens' vast expanse,

The stars emerge to dance in night’s own space,

In nature’s grand, eternal, ceaseless dance.

Through all these sights, the heart finds calm and peace,

A boundless joy within the wild’s embrace,

In nature’s arms, all worries find release,

Its timeless beauty time cannot erase.

Step- 2 :

Analysis with Three Step Model of Peter Barry  

Let's deconstruct "Whisper of the Wild" using the three-step model of verbal, textual, and linguistic stages:

Verbal Stage:

Contradictions and Paradoxes:

"Morning's light" and "shadows play":

   The poem contrasts light and shadows, suggesting a simultaneous presence of both, which can be seen as a paradox.

"Twilight paints the heavens' vast expanse":

  Twilight, a time of fading light, is described as painting the heavens, an act typically associated with adding light and color.  

"Eternal, ceaseless dance":

   The idea of a dance that is eternal and ceaseless contrasts with the temporality of dances, which typically have a beginning and an end.

Implications of Language's Unreliability:

 The poem relies on imagery that combines contrasting elements (light and shadow, twilight and painting) to convey the complexity of nature, highlighting the difficulty of capturing its essence in words.

Textual Stage:

Shifts and Breaks in Continuity:

Temporal Shifts:

 The poem moves from morning ("In morning's light") to twilight ("at dusk's embrace") and then to night ("The stars emerge to dance in night’s own space"). This progression through different times of day can be seen as shifts in focus.

Tone and Attitude:

   The tone of the poem remains serene and appreciative of nature throughout, but the focus shifts from the specific (morning, meadow) to the more general and expansive (night, stars).

Omissions:

  The poem doesn’t delve into the harsher aspects of nature, such as storms or decay, presenting an idealized view that omits the full range of natural experiences.

Linguistic Stage:

Adequacy of Language:

Descriptive Limitations:

  The poem attempts to describe the vastness and beauty of nature using language, but words like "eternal" and "ceaseless" highlight the inadequacy of capturing the true essence of nature.

Implicit Contradictions:

  The poem celebrates nature’s "timeless beauty" yet uses time-bound descriptions (morning, dusk, night) to convey its message, implicitly questioning whether language can truly encompass the concept of timelessness.

Rhetorical Strategies:

Personification and Metaphor:

 Nature is personified (meadow wakes, shadows play, wind sings) and described using metaphors (twilight paints, stars dance). These strategies aim to bring nature to life but also reveal the poet's reliance on figurative language to convey meaning, which may not fully capture nature's reality.

Conclusion:

"Whisper of the Wild" appears to be a harmonious and unified portrayal of nature's beauty. However, deconstruction reveals underlying contradictions and the inherent limitations of language in capturing the true essence of nature. The poem's reliance on temporal shifts, idealized imagery, and figurative language highlights the complexity and instability of meaning, suggesting that what seems unified and coherent is, in fact, layered with inherent conflicts and gaps.

Analysis According to Catherine Belsey's Method

Let's deconstruct "Whisper of the Wild", focusing on the semiotic, the isolating of images, and the rhythm and sound effects to analyze the poem.

Semiotic Analysis:

Signifiers and Spectrality:

Images Isolated from Reality:

 The poem isolates delicate and vivid images of nature, such as "morning's light," "dewdrops glisten," and "whispers of the wind." These images are detached from the broader, noisier context of nature's reality, creating an ethereal and almost dreamlike quality.

Spectral Quality:

 Words like "whispers" and "softly sings" contribute to the spectrality, evoking a sense of delicate, almost ghostly presence. The term "eternal, ceaseless dance" further adds to the ethereal nature, suggesting an ongoing, otherworldly motion.

Associations and Differences:

Contrasts and Associations:

 The poem draws associations between contrasts: "morning's light" vs. "shadows play," "sky ablaze" vs. "twilight paints," and "heart finds calm and peace" vs. "worries find release." These contrasts highlight the delicate balance and interdependence within nature, creating a layered set of associations.

Fragility and Strength:

The poem juxtaposes fragile elements ("dewdrops," "soft murmur") with more substantial aspects ("ancient oak," "grand, eternal dance"), emphasizing both the vulnerability and resilience in nature.

Rhythmic and Sound Analysis:

Sound Effects and Rhythms:

Near-Rhymes and Rhythms:

 The poem employs near-rhymes such as "grace" and "space," "play" and "way," "embrace" and "erase." These near-rhymes create a musical quality that disrupts a purely logical reading, invoking a sense of melody and pattern beyond surface meaning.

Rhythmic Babbling: 

 The rhythmic pattern, where several short syllables are followed by longer ones (e.g., "In morning's light, the meadow wakes with grace"), mirrors the semiotic concept described by Kristeva. This rhythmic structure evokes a pre-linguistic, almost primal sense of pleasure and connection to the natural world.

Analysis of Meaning Beyond Surface:

The Semiotic and Beyond Surface Meaning:

Musical, Patterned Sound:

  The musicality and patterned sound effects in the poem draw the reader into a sensory experience that transcends the literal meanings of the words. This aligns with Kristeva's idea of the semiotic, where the rhythmic and sound-based aspects of language evoke deeper, often unconscious drives toward pleasure.

Disruption of Rational Argument: 

 The poem's focus on sensory imagery and musical rhythm disrupts a purely rational, thesis-making approach. Instead, it engages the reader on an emotional and sensory level, creating a holistic experience of nature's beauty and tranquility.

Conclusion:

In deconstructing "Whisper of the Wild," we see that the poem's beauty lies not just in its imagery but in the way it isolates these images from the noisy reality of nature. The poem creates a delicate balance of fragility and strength through contrasting associations. The rhythmic and sound patterns invoke a pre-linguistic, semiotic experience that disrupts rational argument and engages the reader on a sensory level. This analysis reveals the layered complexity and ethereal quality of the poem, illustrating how language and rhythm can evoke deeper meanings and sensations beyond surface-level interpretation.

Solitude's Embrace:

In solitude, the world fades far away,

A quiet sanctuary, tranquil and deep,

Where thoughts can wander, gently sway,

And restless souls find solace in sleep.

Amidst the whispers of the rustling trees,

I hear the echoes of my heart's refrain,

The gentle murmur of the flowing breeze,

A soothing balm to soothe the mind's pain.

No need for words in this serene expanse,

Where silence speaks in volumes, pure and clear,

The stillness wraps around like a gentle dance,

Embracing solitude, devoid of fear.

Here, in the hush of nature's tender grace,

I find myself in the quietest place,

Solitude, where peace and calm abide,

A sanctuary where the soul can quietly reside.

Analysis With Three Step Model of Peter Barry

Analysis of "Solitude's Embrace" Using the Three-Step Deconstructive Model

Verbal Stage:

In this stage, we look for paradoxes and contradictions at the purely verbal level. 

1. "In solitude, the world fades far away" - Solitude is often associated with introspection and self-discovery, yet the word "fades" suggests a disappearance or loss, creating a paradoxical sense of gain through loss.

2. "Where thoughts can wander, gently sway" - The notion of thoughts wandering and swaying implies freedom and lightness, but the verb "sway" can also suggest instability or lack of direction.

3. "The stillness wraps around like a gentle dance"- Stillness and dance are opposites; dance implies movement and activity, while stillness denotes the absence of movement. This juxtaposition highlights the poem's internal contradiction.

4. "Solitude, where peace and calm abide" - The idea of solitude as a place where peace and calm abide might conflict with the often negative connotation of solitude as loneliness or isolation.

Textual Stage:

In this stage, we look for shifts or breaks in the continuity of the poem, revealing instabilities of attitude and the lack of a fixed and unified position.

1. Shift in imagery - The poem moves from external natural imagery ("rustling trees," "flowing breeze") to internal states of being ("solace in sleep," "soothe the mind's pain"). This shift indicates a movement from the physical to the psychological.

2. Temporal shifts - There is a subtle shift from the present moment ("In solitude, the world fades far away") to a timeless state ("Embracing solitude, devoid of fear"). This creates a break in the temporal continuity, suggesting that solitude exists outside of normal time.

3. Change in tone - The tone shifts from contemplative ("Amidst the whispers of the rustling trees") to declarative and almost celebratory ("Here, in the hush of nature's tender grace"). This change in tone indicates a shift in the speaker's attitude towards solitude.

4. Contradiction in intent - The poem begins by describing solitude as a form of escape from the world ("the world fades far away") but ends by portraying it as a form of deep connection with nature and the self ("the quietest place").

Linguistic Stage:

In this stage, we examine moments when the adequacy of language itself as a medium of communication is called into question.

1. "Solitude's Embrace" - The title itself is an oxymoron; solitude implies aloneness, while embrace implies togetherness. This contradiction questions the ability of language to convey the true nature of solitude.

2. "Whispers of the rustling trees"- The phrase anthropomorphizes nature, suggesting communication, but whispers are inherently secretive and unclear, highlighting language's inadequacy to fully capture the experience.

3. "The gentle murmur of the flowing breeze" - Similar to the previous line, this personification of nature attributes human qualities to non-human elements, questioning the reliability of language to describe natural phenomena accurately.

4. "Solitude, where peace and calm abide"- This line suggests that solitude is a place where abstract concepts like peace and calm live. It uses metaphorical language that raises questions about how language constructs our understanding of abstract concepts.

Overall, the poem "Solitude's Embrace" reveals through its contradictions, shifts, and linguistic nuances that the experience of solitude is complex and multifaceted. The deconstructive analysis shows that what appears as a unified and serene depiction of solitude actually contains underlying tensions and conflicts, reflecting the inherent instability and unreliability of language.

Analysis According to Catherine Belsey's Method

Deconstructive Analysis of "Solitude's Embrace"

Surface Interpretation:

- Emphasizes solitude as a serene and peaceful state.

- Celebrates the quiet beauty of nature and introspection.

- Suggests that solitude can be a source of calm and reflection.

Deconstructive Reading:

1. Differance and Trace:

  Solitude and Embrace: 

The title itself juxtaposes solitude (isolation) with embrace (connection), creating a trace of meanings that defer and play with opposites. Solitude implies aloneness, while embrace suggests closeness, creating an inherent tension.

2. Intertextuality:

    The imagery of "whispers of the rustling trees" and "gentle murmur of the flowing breeze" can evoke different experiences or texts for each reader. This intertextual play enriches the poem's meaning, suggesting that solitude resonates differently depending on personal interpretations and cultural backgrounds.

3. Undecidability:

    The poem's meaning is undecidable in its definitive interpretation. It can be read as a celebration of solitude's peacefulness, yet it also hints at the potential loneliness and isolation that solitude can entail. The ambiguity allows multiple readings, blurring the distinction between solitude as positive or negative.

4. Supplementarity:

   The repetitive and rhythmic structure of the poem ("In solitude...") supplements its meaning, emphasizing both the form and content. This repetition not only enhances the meditative quality of solitude but also underscores the poem's construction as a linguistic artifact.

5. Questioning Referentiality:

   Challenges the idea that language can directly represent the experience of solitude. Instead, the poem's language constructs an image of solitude that may differ from personal experiences or cultural interpretations.

6. Multiplicity of Meanings:

    Emphasizes the multiplicity of meanings that solitude can evoke. It can signify peace and introspection for some, while for others, it might evoke loneliness or existential isolation.

7. Undermining Binary Oppositions:

Blurs the binary opposition between solitude and companionship, suggesting that these states can coexist or fluctuate depending on perspective and context.

8. Interplay of Absence and Presence:

Creates a sense of absence by describing solitude as a state devoid of external noise or distractions. Yet, this absence also invites reflection on what solitude fills or replaces in one's life.

9. Role of the Reader:

    Highlights the active role of the reader in interpreting and constructing meaning from the poem. The reader's engagement shapes how solitude is understood and felt.

10. Critique of Metanarratives:

    Resists any singular, overarching interpretation of solitude. Instead, it invites readers to consider diverse perspectives and experiences of solitude, challenging dominant narratives.

11. Textual Playfulness:

    The poem's rhythmic structure and serene imagery can be seen as a playful use of language to evoke the sensory experience of solitude. This playfulness invites readers to engage imaginatively with the text.

12. Contextual Instability:

     The meaning of solitude shifts depending on its context within the poem and the reader's own experiences. It underscores the fluidity and contextual dependence of meaning in literary texts.

13. Ethical Implications:

    Encourages readers to consider the ethical implications of solitude, such as its potential for personal growth or its societal implications for isolation and alienation.

Main Meaning of the Poem:

Celebrates solitude as a state of peaceful reflection and connection with nature.

Emphasizes the beauty and importance of finding solace in moments of quiet introspection.

Deconstructive Meaning of the Poem:

  The poem's meaning is fluid and multifaceted, dependent on the reader's interpretation and cultural context.

  Questions the stability of language and representation, suggesting that solitude's meaning is constructed and contested rather than fixed and singular.

   By applying the theory of deconstruction to "Solitude's Embrace," we uncover layers of meaning that challenge simplistic interpretations of solitude. The poem invites readers to contemplate the complexities of solitude as both a personal experience and a cultural construct, highlighting the interplay between language, perception, and lived experience.

References

Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory, 3/E. Viva Books Private Limited, 2010.

Barad, Dilip. “Deconstructive Analysis of Ezra Pound’s ‘In a Station of the Metro’ and William Carlos Williams’s ‘The Red Wheelbarrow.’” Research Gate, July 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/381943844_Deconstructive_Analysis_of_Ezra_Pound’s_’In_a_Station_of_the_Metro’_and_William_Carlos_Williams’s_’The_Red_Wheelbarrow’. Accessed 10 July 2024.

Belsey, Catherine. Poststructuralism: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). OUP Oxford, 2002.

Thank you so much 😊